United States History, Geography, Economics, and Government:

Early Exploration to Westward Movement

Strand: History

Grade 5

Main Concepts:

Prior to the arrival of Europeans American Indians (First Americans) were dispersed across different environments in North America.

Geography and climate affected how various American Indian groups met their basic needs.

Overarching Question: Why is it important to study the past and how do events of the past impact the way we live in America today?

What evidence is there of progress in American History?

Strand: History Grade: 5

Goals: To address the History learning standards in the Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Framework.

• Identify different ways of dating historical narratives (17^th century, seventeenth century, 1600s, colonial period)
• Interpret timelines of events studied.
• Observe and identify details in cartoons, photographs, charts, and graphs relating to an historical narrative.
• Distinguish between political and topographical maps and identify specialized maps that show information such as population, income, or climate change.
• Compare maps of the modern world with historical maps of the world before the Age of Exploration, and describe the changes in 16^th and 17^th century maps of the world.
• Give examples of how changes in supply and demand affected prices in colonial history (e/g/, fur, lumber, fish, and meat).

Pre-Columbian Civilizations of the New world and European Exploration, Colonization, and Settlement to 1700

• Describe the earliest explorations of the New World by the Vikings, the period and locations of their

explorations, and the evidence for them.

• Identify the three major pre-Columbian civilizations that existed in Central and South America (Maya, Aztec, and Inca) and their locations. Describe their political structures, religious practices, and uses of slaves.
• Explain why trade routes to Asia had been closed in the 15^th century and trace voyages of at least four of the explorers listed below. Describe what each explorer sought when he began his journey, what he found, and how his discoveries changed the image of the world, especially the maps used by explorers.
1. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
2. John and Sebastian Cabot
3. Jacques Carter
4. Samuel de Champlain
5. Christopher Columbus
6. Henry Hudson
7. Ferdinand Magellan
8. Juan Ponce de Leon
9. Amerigo Vespucci

• Explain why the Aztec and Inca civilizations declined in the 16^th century.
1. The encounters between Cortez and Montezuma
2. The encounters between Pizarro and the Incas
3. The goals of the Spanish conquistadors
4. The effects of European diseases, particularly smallpox, throughout Western hemisphere
• Describe the goals and extent of the Dutch settlement in New York, the French settlements in Canada, and the Spanish settlements in Florida, the southwest, and California.
• Explain the early relationship of the English settlers to the indigenous peoples, or Indians, in North America, including the differing views on ownership or use of land and the conflicts between them (e.g., the Pequot and King Philip’s Wars in New England).
• Identify some of the major leaders and groups responsible for the founding of the original colonies of North America.

A. Lord Baltimore in Maryland

B. William Penn in Pennsylvania

C. John Smith in Virginia

D. Roger Williams in Rhode Island

E. John Winthrop in Massachusetts

• Identify the links between the political principles and practices developed in ancient Greece and such political institutions and practices as written constitutions and town meetings of the Puritans.
• Explain the reasons that the language, political institutions, and political principles of what became the United States were largely shaped by English colonists even though other major European nations also explored the New World.
1. The relatively small number of colonists who came from other nations besides England
2. Long experience with self-government
3. The high rates of literacy and education among the English colonial leaders
4. England’s strong economic, intellectual, and military position

The Political, Intellectual, and Economic Growth of the Colonies, 1700-1775

· On a map of North America, identify the first 13 colonies and describe how regional differences in climate, types of farming, populations, and sources of labor shaped their economies and societies through the 18^th century.

· Explain the importance of maritime commerce in the development of the economy of colonial Massachusetts, using the services of historical societies and museums as needed.

A. The fishing and shipbuilding industries

B. Trans-Atlantic trade

C. The port cities of New Bedford, Newburyport, Gloucester, Salem and Boston

· Explain the causes of the establishment of Slavery in North America. Describe the harsh conditions of the Middle Passage and slave life, and the responses of slaves to their condition. Describe the life of free African Americans in the Colonies.

· Identify the founders and the reasons for the establishment of educational institutions in the colonies (grammar schools and colleges such as Harvard and the College of William and Mary).

· Explain the development of colonial governments and describe how these developments contributed to the Revolution.

A. Legislative bodies

B. Town meetings

C. Charters on individual freedom and rights

· Explain the reasons for the French and Indian War, how it led to an overhaul of British imperial policy, and the colonial response to these policies.

A. Sugar Act (1764)

B. Stamp Act (1765)

C. Townsend Duties (1767)

D. Tea Act (1773) and the Intolerable Acts (1774)

E. The slogan, “no taxation without representation”

F. The roles of the Stamp Act Congress, the Sons of Liberty, and the Boston Party (1773)

The revolution and the Formation of a Federal Government under the Constitution, 1775-1789

· Explain the meaning of the key ideas of equality, natural rights, the rule of law, and the purpose of government contained in the Declaration of Independence.

· Describe the major battles of the Revolution and explain the factors leading to American victory and British defeat.

A. Lexington and Concord (1775)

B. Bunker Hill (1775)

C. Saratoga (1777)

D. Valley Forge (1777-1778)

E. Yorktown (1781)

· Describe the life and achievements of important leaders during the Revolution and the early years of the United States.

A. John Adams

B. Benjamin Franklin

C. King George III

D. Alexander Hamilton

E. Thomas Jefferson

F. James Madison

G. George Washington

· Explain the reasons for the adoption of the Articles of Confederation in 1781 and for its later failure.

· Describe Shay’s Rebellion of 1786-1787 and explain why it was one of the crucial events leading to the Constitutional Convention.

· Identify the various leaders of the Constitutional Convention and describe the major issues they debated.

A. Distribution of political power

B. Rights of individuals

C. Rights of states

D. The Great Compromise

E. slavery

The Principles and Institutions of American Constitutional Government

· Identify the three branches of the United States government as outlined by the Constitution, describe their functions and relationships, and identify what features of the Constitution were unique at the time (e.g., the presidency and the independent judiciary).

· Identify the rights in the Bill of Rights and explain the reasons for its inclusion in the Constitution in 1791.

· Explain how American citizens were expected to participate in, monitor, and bring about changes in their government over time, and give examples of how they continue to do so today.

The Growth of the Republic

• Identify the changes in voting qualifications between 1787 and 1820 (e.g., the abolition of property requirements), and compare who could vote in local, state, and national elections in the U.S. with who could vote in England, France, and Russia.
• Explain the events leading up to, and the significance of, the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
• Describe the expedition of Lewis and Clark from 1803 to 1806.
• Describe the significance and consequences of the abolition of slavery in the northern states after the Revolution and of the 1808 law that banned the importation of slaves into the United States.
• Describe the causes of the War of 1812 and how events during the war contributed to a sense of American Nationalism.

1. British restrictions on trade and impressments
2. Major battles and events of the war, including the role of the USS Constitution, the burning of the Capital and the White House, and the Battle of New Orleans

· Explain the importance of the China trade and the whaling industry to 19^th century New England, and give examples of imports from China.

· Explain the reasons that pioneer moved west from the beginning to the middle of the 19^th century, and describe their lives on the frontier.

A. wagon train journeys on the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails

B. their settlements in the western territories

· Identify the key issues that contributed to the onset of the Civil war.

A. the debate over slavery and westward expansion

B. diverging economic interests

Strand: History Grade: 5

Enduring Understandings:

• Prior to the arrival of Europeans, American Indians were dispersed across different environments in North America.
• Geography and climate affected how various American Indian groups met their basic needs.
• Major European countries were in competition to extend their power into North America and claim the land as their own.
• The interactions between American Indians and Europeans sometimes led to cooperation and other times resulted in conflict.
• Colonies in North America were established for religious and economic reasons.
• Life in the colonies reflected the geographical features of the settlements.
• The colonies were made up of different groups of people whose lives varied depending on their social position.
• England established and attempted to maintain control over the colonies.
• As England expanded control over the American colonies, many colonists became dissatisfied and rebellious.
• Many individuals played important roles in shaping events of the American Revolution.
• Defense of the colonists’ own land, strong beliefs, and capable leadership contributed to the American victory in the Revolutionary War.
• Congress and the first five presidents made decisions establishing a strong government that helped the nation grow in size and power.
• Westward migration was influenced by geography and economic opportunity.

Essential Questions:

• Who were the first people to inhabit the Americas and where did these people settle?
• Why did European countries compete for power in North America?
• What were the obstacles faced by the explorers.
• What were the accomplishments of the explorations?
• What regions of North America were explored and settled by France, England, and Spain?
• What regions were explored by Portugal?
• Who were the French, English, Portuguese and Spanish explorers?
• How did American Indians and Europeans influence each other’s way of life?
• Why did a life in the New World appeal to Europeans?
• How did people’s lives vary among different social groups in colonial America?
• How did England impose its political and economic control over the colonies?
• What steps did England take to increase control over its colonies?
• What made many colonists become dissatisfied with England’s control over them?
• Who were the key individuals in the Revolution?
• What role did they play?
• What were the significant events of the war?
• What advantages helped the American colonists win the Revolutionary War?
• What were the major national issues and events faced by the first five presidents?
• What factors influenced westward migration?

Strand: History Grade: 5

Results: Knowledge and Skills
Knowledge .	Skills
Evidence/Assessment:
Instruction/Learning Experiences